Urine, stool, and semen are important bodily fluids that can provide valuable insights into an individual's health and help in diagnosing and monitoring various conditions.
Urine analysis is a commonly performed test that evaluates the chemical and physical properties of urine. It can detect the presence of abnormalities such as infections, kidney diseases, diabetes, or urinary tract disorders. Urinalysis may include tests for pH levels, specific gravity, protein, glucose, red and white blood cells, and bacteria.
Stool analysis, also known as a fecal examination, examines the composition of feces to identify any abnormalities or pathogens. It can help diagnose gastrointestinal disorders, such as infections, malabsorption issues, inflammatory bowel disease, or gastrointestinal bleeding. Stool tests may include assessing for the presence of blood, parasites, bacteria, or other microorganisms.
Semen analysis is a crucial test for assessing male fertility. It evaluates the quality and quantity of sperm present in the semen. This analysis examines factors such as sperm count, motility, morphology (shape), and overall semen quality. It is commonly used to evaluate male infertility and can provide important information for couples undergoing fertility treatments.
Accurate and careful analysis of urine, stool, and semen samples is essential in clinical pathology. These tests contribute to the overall diagnostic process, allowing healthcare professionals to identify underlying conditions, monitor treatment effectiveness, and provide appropriate patient care.
It is important to note that these tests are typically performed in a laboratory setting by trained professionals using specialized equipment and techniques. Proper sample collection and handling instructions must be followed to ensure accurate results. If your healthcare provider recommends these tests, they will provide specific instructions on how to collect and submit the samples for analysis.
Always consult with a healthcare professional for a comprehensive evaluation and interpretation of test results.
Clinical Pathology
(Manual Test in short form)Bence Jones Protein
B.J.Protein
Sample:Urine
Check the protein in Salfosasanic acid
Dilution depend on protein value
| Protein | Dilution in Distil Water |
|---|---|
| Trace/1+ | 1+1 |
| 2+ | 1+2 |
| 3+ | 1+3 |
| 4+ | 1+4 |
Dilution Example :
Urine protein 4+
1 ml urine sample + 4ml Distil water
2nd tube :
4ml concerntration HCL
Result :- Upper layer white color test is Positive
BSBP
Bile Salt/ Bile Pigment
Sample :- Urine
Bile Salt
3-4 ml urine sample
Add Sulfur powder slowly sprinkle in tube
Result : -
If powder goes down Bile Salt is Present
Bile Pigment
3-4 ml urine
Equal amount of Barium Chloride (mix well)
Add 2-3 drops Vouchets reagent
centrifuge 4-5 minute
Result :-
If deposite given Green color Bile Pigment Present.
Urine for Porphobilinogen
2 ml urine
2 ml Enrich reagent
If Dark Red Color
Add sodium Acetate Solution 2 ml mix well
keep it 10 to 15 minutes
If upper layer Reddish/Pinkish color
Take upper laye in another tube
Add equal amount of Butanol mix well
Keep it 10 to 15 minutes
Result : -
If lower layer Reddish/Pinkish color then Porphobilinogen Positive
Urine for Myoglobuline
2 ml urine
2 mg Ammonium Sulphate Crystals
Mix well and centrifuge
Result : -
Upper layer show Reddish color Test is Present
Occult Blood
Sample : Stool
Benzidine powder
Hydrogen Peroxide
Stool sample
Mix well
Result : -
Change color Green Test is Positive
Reducing Substances
Sample : Stool
Benedicts reagent 4ml
Stool sample 2-3 drops
Then boiling and observed change color
| Blue | Negative | - |
|---|---|---|
| Green | Trace | 0.5 % |
| Pale Yellow | + | 1.0 % |
| Dark Yellow | ++ | 1.5 % |
| Red | +++ | 2.0 % |
Fructose
Sample: Semen
Selwinoff's reagent 1ml
8 - 10 drops Semen sample
Then boiling
Result : -
If color Reddish or Orange Fructose Present